NCERT Solutions Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book Pratyayah | Updated 2026-27

Chapter Overview — Sanskrit Vyakaran Pratyayah Class 10 (2026-27 Syllabus)

The chapter प्रत्ययाः (Pratyayah) is part of the NCERT Sanskrit Vyakaran textbook for Class 10. It teaches you how Sanskrit words are formed by attaching suffixes (pratyayas) to verbal roots or noun bases. This is a foundational grammar topic because almost every Sanskrit word you encounter in prose, poetry, or translation exercises contains a pratyaya.

For the CBSE Class 10 board exam 2026-27, the Vyakaran section carries significant marks. Questions from Pratyayah typically appear as fill-in-the-blank (रिक्तस्थानपूर्तिः), identification (प्रत्ययः पृथक् कुरुत), and word-formation tasks. Practising ncert class 10 sanskrit solutions for this chapter will directly improve your grammar score.

Key Concepts — Types of Pratyaya in Sanskrit Grammar

Understanding the three main categories of pratyaya is the foundation of this chapter. Each type has its own set of rules, and the CBSE exam tests all three. Let’s look at each one clearly.

Krit Pratyaya (कृत् प्रत्यय) — Suffixes Added to Verbal Roots

Krit pratyaya is added directly to a dhatu (धातु / verbal root) to create a new word — usually a verbal noun, adjective, or indeclinable. The word formed is called a kridanta (कृदन्त).

• क्त्वा (ktvaa): Indicates prior action by the same subject — meaning “having done”. Example: पठित्वा = having read (पठ् + क्त्वा)
• ल्यप् (lyap): Same meaning as क्त्वा but used when a prefix (उपसर्ग) precedes the root. Example: आगत्य = having come (आ + गम् + ल्यप्)
• तुमुन् (tumun): Indicates purpose — “in order to”. Example: पठितुम् = in order to read (पठ् + तुमुन्)
• शतृ (shatr): Present active participle — “one who is doing”. Example: पठन् = one who is reading (पठ् + शतृ)
• शानच् (shaanach): Present middle/passive participle. Example: लभमान = one who is obtaining (लभ् + शानच्)
• क्तवतु (ktavatu): Past active participle — “one who has done”. Example: पठितवान् = one who has read (पठ् + क्तवतु)

Taddhit Pratyaya (तद्धित प्रत्यय) — Suffixes Added to Nominal Bases

Taddhit pratyaya is added to a noun or adjective to derive a new word expressing quality, relation, or possession. The resulting word is called a taddhitanta (तद्धितान्त). These are very common in Sanskrit prose passages.

• त्व (tva): Forms abstract nouns — “the state of being”. Example: गुरुत्व = greatness/gravity (गुरु + त्व)
• ता (taa): Also forms abstract nouns. Example: सुन्दरता = beauty (सुन्दर + ता)
• मत् / वत् (mat/vat): Means “possessing” or “having”. Example: धनवान् = wealthy (धन + वत्)
• इय (iya): Means “relating to” or “born of”. Example: राजीय = royal (राज + इय)

Stri Pratyaya (स्त्री प्रत्यय) — Suffixes for Feminine Gender

Stri pratyaya is used to convert a masculine word into its feminine form. Three main stri pratyayas are taught at the Class 10 level.

• ङीप् (ṅīp → ई): Added to masculine nouns ending in अ. Example: छात्र → छात्री (male student → female student)
• टाप् (ṭāp → आ): The most common feminine suffix. Example: बालक → बालिका (boy → girl)
• ङीष् (ṅīṣ → ई): Added to certain specific bases. Example: नदी (river — feminine form)

NCERT Solutions Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book Pratyayah — All Questions

Below are complete solutions for all exercise types in the ncert solutions class 10 sanskrit grammar book pratyayah chapter. Each answer is written in a step-by-step format so you can understand the method, not just memorise the answer.

Exercise: Pratyaya Identification Questions (प्रत्ययः पृथक् कुरुत)

Exercise: Word Formation Using Pratyaya (प्रत्ययं योजयित्वा पदं रचयत)

Exercise: Fill in the Blanks and Sentence-Based Questions

Pratyaya Reference Table — Quick Formula Sheet

Use this table for last-minute revision before your 2026-27 CBSE Sanskrit board exam. It covers all major pratyayas from the NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaran chapter.

Solved Examples Beyond NCERT — Extra Practice for Sanskrit Pratyayah

These extra examples go slightly beyond the textbook and are ideal for students aiming for full marks in the ncert class 10th sanskrit solution grammar section.

Important Questions for CBSE Board Exam 2026-27 — Sanskrit Pratyayah

These questions are based on patterns seen in previous CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit board papers and are highly likely to appear in the 2026-27 exam. Practise these along with ncert sanskrit class 10 solutions for maximum preparation.

1-Mark Questions (Definition / Fill-in)

• Q1: क्त्वा-प्रत्ययस्य उपयोगः कदा भवति? — Ans: When there is no prefix (उपसर्ग) before the verbal root and the action is prior to the main verb.
• Q2: ल्यप्-प्रत्ययस्य उपयोगः कदा भवति? — Ans: When a prefix (उपसर्ग) precedes the verbal root.
• Q3: ‘धनवान्’ इत्यत्र कः प्रत्ययः? — Ans: वत् (मतुप्) — Taddhit Pratyaya.

3-Mark Questions (Application)

• Q4: अधोलिखितेषु पदेषु प्रत्ययं पृथक् कृत्वा तस्य प्रकारं लिखत — पठित्वा, गुरुत्वम्, छात्री।
  Ans: पठित्वा → क्त्वा (Krit); गुरुत्वम् → त्व (Taddhit); छात्री → ङीप् (Stri).
• Q5: तुमुन्-प्रत्ययस्य उपयोगं कृत्वा त्रीणि वाक्यानि लिखत।
  Ans: (i) सः पठितुम् इच्छति। (ii) सा खेलितुम् गच्छति। (iii) बालकः खादितुम् उपविशति।

5-Mark Questions (Long Answer)

• Q6: कृत्-प्रत्ययाः, तद्धित-प्रत्ययाः, स्त्री-प्रत्ययाः — एतेषां त्रयाणां प्रकाराणां सोदाहरणं परिचयं ददत।
  Ans: Write definitions of all three types with two examples each. Krit — added to dhatu (e.g., पठित्वा, गन्तुम्); Taddhit — added to nominal base (e.g., गुरुत्वम्, सुन्दरता); Stri — forms feminine words (e.g., देवी, बालिका). Mention the key rule: ल्यप् replaces क्त्वा when a prefix is present.

Common Mistakes Students Make in Pratyayah Questions

These are the most frequent errors seen in CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit answer sheets. Avoiding them can save you 2–4 marks in your board exam.

Mistake 1: Using क्त्वा when a prefix is present.
Why it’s wrong: क्त्वा is only used when no उपसर्ग precedes the root.
Correct approach: Always check for a prefix first. If present, use ल्यप् — e.g., आगत्य (not आगत्वा).

Mistake 2: Confusing Taddhit pratyaya त्व and ता.
Why it’s wrong: Both form abstract nouns, but their usage depends on the base word. Students randomly choose one.
Correct approach: Both are correct for most bases, but learn the standard examples: गुरुत्वम् (त्व), सुन्दरता (ता).

Mistake 3: Writing only the pratyaya name without the base word in identification questions.
Why it’s wrong: CBSE marking scheme awards marks for showing the full separation: base + pratyaya = word.
Correct approach: Always write in the format — पठ् + क्त्वा = पठित्वा.

Mistake 4: Confusing शतृ (active) and शानच् (middle) participles.
Why it’s wrong: शतृ is for parasmaipada (active voice) verbs; शानच् is for atmanepada verbs.
Correct approach: For most Class 10 questions, शतृ is more common. Note the verb’s pada before answering.

Mistake 5: Applying the wrong stri pratyaya.
Why it’s wrong: Students apply टाप् everywhere, but ङीप् and ङीष् have specific usage contexts.
Correct approach: Memorise the standard examples — देवी and छात्री use ङीप्; नदी uses ङीष्; बालिका uses टाप्.

Exam Tips for 2026-27 CBSE Sanskrit Board Exam — Pratyayah Chapter