- Avyaya (अव्यय) means “that which does not change” — indeclinable words in Sanskrit grammar.
- No vibhakti endings: Avyaya words never take case suffixes (विभक्ति प्रत्यय), so their form is always fixed.
- Common avyaya words: अपि, च, एव, तु, वा, अत्र, तत्र, यत्र, कदा, यदा, तदा, सदा, अधुना, पुनः, सह, विना, बहिः, अन्तः.
- Three main types: Svaradi-gana avyaya, Chadi-gana avyaya, and Nipata avyaya.
- Exam pattern: Avyayaani questions appear in the grammar section (व्याकरण) — usually fill-in-the-blank or identification type.
- Key rule: If you can substitute a word in any gender/number/case without changing its form, it is an avyaya.
- CBSE 2026-27: This chapter is part of the active CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit syllabus for 2026-27 board exams.
The NCERT Solutions Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book Avyayaani page gives you complete, step-by-step answers for the अव्ययानि chapter from the NCERT Sanskrit Vyakarana Vithi textbook — updated for the 2026-27 CBSE syllabus. Whether you are preparing for your Class 10 Sanskrit board exam or want to strengthen your grammar foundation, this page covers every exercise question with clear Hindi explanations. You can find all NCERT Solutions for Class 10 on our dedicated hub, and the complete list of NCERT Solutions for all classes on our main solutions page. The official textbook is available on the NCERT official website.
Table of Contents
- Quick Revision Box
- Chapter Overview — Avyayaani in Sanskrit Grammar Class 10
- Key Concepts: What Are Avyaya (अव्यय) Words?
- NCERT Solutions Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book Avyayaani — All Exercises
- Exercise 1 — Identify the Avyaya
- Exercise 2 — Fill in the Blanks
- Exercise 3 — Sentence Formation Using Avyaya
- Avyaya Types — Formula Reference Table
- Solved Examples Beyond NCERT — Avyayaani Practice
- Important Questions for CBSE Board Exam — Avyayaani
- Common Mistakes Students Make in Avyayaani
- Exam Tips for 2026-27 — Sanskrit Avyayaani
- Key Points to Remember — Avyayaani
- Frequently Asked Questions — Avyayaani Sanskrit Class 10
Chapter Overview — Avyayaani in Sanskrit Grammar Class 10 (2026-27)
The अव्ययानि chapter is part of the NCERT Sanskrit Vyakarana Vithi (व्याकरण वीथि) textbook for Class 10. This chapter teaches students to recognise, classify, and use avyaya (indeclinable) words — one of the most important and frequently tested grammar topics in CBSE Sanskrit exams. For the 2026-27 board exam, this chapter falls under the grammar section which carries significant marks.
Students who have studied basic Sanskrit nouns (subanta) and verb forms (tinanta) in earlier classes will find avyaya easier to grasp because the core rule is simple: avyaya words never change their form. No gender, no number, no case — the word stays the same in every sentence context.
In CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit board papers, avyaya-based questions typically appear as fill-in-the-blank, sentence identification, or short translation tasks. Scoring full marks here is very achievable with focused practice on the standard avyaya word list.
| Detail | Information |
|---|---|
| Chapter Name | अव्ययानि (Avyayaani) |
| Textbook | Vyakarana Vithi (व्याकरण वीथि) — Sanskrit Grammar |
| Class | 10 (CBSE) |
| Subject | Sanskrit |
| Grammar Section Marks | ~15–16 marks (व्याकरण) |
| Academic Year | 2026-27 |
| Difficulty Level | Easy to Medium |
Key Concepts: What Are Avyaya (अव्यय) Words?
Definition of Avyaya — अव्यय का अर्थ
The word अव्यय is formed from अ + व्यय — meaning “no expenditure” or “no change.” In Sanskrit grammar, an avyaya is a word whose form never changes (no vibhakti, no vacana, no linga). Hindi meaning: अव्यय = अविकारी शब्द (indeclinable word).
Think of avyaya words like traffic signs — their meaning is fixed and they look the same in every sentence, no matter what comes before or after them.
Types of Avyaya — अव्यय के प्रकार
Sanskrit grammar recognises several categories of avyaya words. For Class 10 CBSE, you need to know the following main types:
- Svaradi-gana (स्वरादि गण): Words beginning with vowels that are classified as avyaya — e.g., अपि, अत्र, अधुना, अन्तः, अलम्.
- Chadi-gana (चादि गण): A group of avyaya words including च, वा, हि, तु, एव, नूनम्, मा, मित्.
- Nipata (निपात): Particles used to add emphasis or connect clauses — e.g., एव (only/indeed), अपि (also/even), तु (but), हि (because/indeed).
- Kriya-visheshana (क्रियाविशेषण): Adverbs of time, place, and manner — e.g., यदा (when), तदा (then), कदा (when?), सदा (always), अत्र (here), तत्र (there).
- Sambandha-bodhaka (सम्बन्धबोधक): Postpositions — e.g., सह (with), विना (without), अनु (after/along).
Important Avyaya Words with Hindi Meanings
| Avyaya (Sanskrit) | Meaning in English | Hindi Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| अपि | also, even, too | भी |
| च | and | और |
| एव | only, indeed, just | ही / केवल |
| तु | but, however | परन्तु / किन्तु |
| वा | or | या / अथवा |
| यदा | when | जब |
| तदा | then | तब |
| कदा | when? (question) | कब? |
| सदा | always | सदैव / हमेशा |
| अत्र | here | यहाँ |
| तत्र | there | वहाँ |
| यत्र | where | जहाँ |
| कुत्र | where? (question) | कहाँ? |
| सह | with, together | साथ / सहित |
| विना | without | बिना |
| अधुना | now, at present | अभी / अब |
| पुनः | again | फिर / दोबारा |
| अलम् | enough, stop | बस / पर्याप्त |
NCERT Solutions Class 10 Sanskrit Grammar Book Avyayaani — All Exercises
Below are complete solutions for all exercises in the अव्ययानि chapter of the NCERT Sanskrit Vyakarana Vithi Class 10. Every answer is written in a step-by-step format to help you understand the reasoning, not just memorise the answer. This is what the ncert solutions class 10 sanskrit grammar book avyayaani page is designed for — clear, exam-ready answers.
Exercise 1 — Identify the Avyaya (अव्यय शब्द पहचानिए)
Question 1
Easy
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से अव्यय शब्द चुनकर लिखिए। (Pick out the avyaya words from the following sentences.)
(i) रामः अपि विद्यालयं गच्छति।
(ii) सः तत्र वसति।
(iii) बालकाः च बालिकाः क्रीडन्ति।
(iv) त्वं कुत्र गच्छसि?
(v) अहम् अधुना पठामि।
Step 1: Examine each word — रामः (noun, nominative), विद्यालयं (noun, accusative), गच्छति (verb). The word अपि takes no vibhakti ending and its form never changes.
Avyaya: अपि (meaning: also/even | Hindi: भी)
Step 1: सः (pronoun), वसति (verb). The word तत्र does not change with gender or case — it is an avyaya of place.
Avyaya: तत्र (meaning: there | Hindi: वहाँ)
Step 1: च connects two nouns. It belongs to the chadi-gana group of avyaya words. It never changes its form.
Avyaya: च (meaning: and | Hindi: और)
Step 1: त्वं (pronoun), गच्छसि (verb). कुत्र is an interrogative avyaya of place — it asks “where?” and never takes vibhakti.
Avyaya: कुत्र (meaning: where? | Hindi: कहाँ?)
Step 1: अहम् (pronoun), पठामि (verb). अधुना is an avyaya of time, meaning “now.” Its form is fixed in all contexts.
Avyaya: अधुना (meaning: now | Hindi: अभी/अब)
Question 2
Easy
निम्नलिखित अव्यय शब्दों के अर्थ लिखिए। (Write the meanings of the following avyaya words.)
सह, विना, पुनः, एव, हि, मा, यदा, सदा, बहिः, अन्तः
Step 1: Match each avyaya to its standard meaning used in Sanskrit grammar and NCERT textbook.
- सह — with, together (Hindi: साथ)
- विना — without (Hindi: बिना)
- पुनः — again (Hindi: फिर / दोबारा)
- एव — only, indeed (Hindi: ही / केवल)
- हि — because, indeed (Hindi: क्योंकि / निश्चय ही)
- मा — do not (used in prohibitions) (Hindi: मत / नहीं)
- यदा — when (Hindi: जब)
- सदा — always (Hindi: सदैव / हमेशा)
- बहिः — outside (Hindi: बाहर)
- अन्तः — inside (Hindi: अन्दर)
Exercise 2 — Fill in the Blanks with Correct Avyaya (रिक्त स्थान भरिए)
Question 1
Medium
उचित अव्यय शब्द से रिक्त स्थान भरिए। (Fill in the blanks with appropriate avyaya words from the box.)
Box: [अपि, यदा, तदा, सह, विना, एव, कुत्र, अत्र, पुनः, मा]
(i) रमेशः _______ गच्छति? (Where does Ramesh go?)
(ii) _______ वर्षा भवति, _______ नद्यः पूर्णाः भवन्ति।
(iii) जलं _______ जीवनं नास्ति।
(iv) सः मित्रेण _______ विद्यालयं गच्छति।
(v) त्वम् _______ रोदिहि। (Do not cry.)
(vi) सा _______ सुन्दरी अस्ति। (She is indeed beautiful.)
(vii) _______ आगच्छ। (Come here.)
(viii) सः _______ प्रयतते। (He tries again.)
Step 1: For each blank, identify the meaning needed from the sentence context, then select the matching avyaya from the box.
- (i) रमेशः कुत्र गच्छति? — कुत्र = where? (interrogative avyaya of place)
- (ii) यदा वर्षा भवति, तदा नद्यः पूर्णाः भवन्ति। — यदा…तदा = when…then (correlative avyaya pair)
- (iii) जलं विना जीवनं नास्ति। — विना = without
- (iv) सः मित्रेण सह विद्यालयं गच्छति। — सह = with (used with tṛtīyā vibhakti)
- (v) त्वम् मा रोदिहि। — मा = do not (prohibitive avyaya)
- (vi) सा एव सुन्दरी अस्ति। — एव = indeed/only (emphatic avyaya)
- (vii) अत्र आगच्छ। — अत्र = here (avyaya of place)
- (viii) सः पुनः प्रयतते। — पुनः = again (avyaya of time/repetition)
Exercise 3 — Sentence Formation Using Avyaya (अव्यय शब्दों का प्रयोग)
Question 1
Medium
निम्नलिखित अव्यय शब्दों का वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए। (Use the following avyaya words in sentences.)
अपि, सदा, यत्र, तत्र, अलम्, हि
Step 1: For each avyaya, construct a simple, grammatically correct Sanskrit sentence that clearly shows its meaning.
- अपि — सः अपि परिश्रमी अस्ति। (He is also hardworking.)
- सदा — वयं सदा सत्यं वदामः। (We always speak the truth.)
- यत्र…तत्र — यत्र धर्मः, तत्र जयः। (Where there is righteousness, there is victory.)
- अलम् — अलम् विवादेन। (Enough of argument. / Stop arguing.) — Note: अलम् is used with tṛtīyā vibhakti.
- हि — परिश्रमः हि सफलतायाः कुञ्चिका अस्ति। (Hard work is indeed the key to success.)
Avyaya Types — Reference Table for Class 10 Sanskrit
| Type | Sanskrit Name | Examples | Hindi Meaning | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctions | समुच्चयबोधक | च, वा, तु, किन्तु, परन्तु | और, या, परन्तु | Connect words/clauses |
| Adverbs of Time | कालवाचक | यदा, तदा, कदा, सदा, अधुना | जब, तब, कब, सदैव, अब | Indicate time |
| Adverbs of Place | स्थानवाचक | यत्र, तत्र, अत्र, कुत्र, सर्वत्र | जहाँ, वहाँ, यहाँ, कहाँ, सर्वत्र | Indicate place |
| Emphatic Particles | निपात | एव, अपि, हि, तु, वा | ही, भी, क्योंकि, परन्तु, या | Add emphasis or contrast |
| Postpositions | सम्बन्धबोधक | सह, विना, अनु, अभितः | साथ, बिना, पीछे, चारों ओर | Show relation with noun |
| Prohibitive | निषेधवाचक | मा, न | मत, नहीं | Express prohibition/negation |
Solved Examples Beyond NCERT — Avyayaani Practice
Extra Example 1 — Translate Using Avyaya
Medium
Translate into Sanskrit using appropriate avyaya words: “When the teacher comes, the students stand up.”
Step 1: Identify the “when…then” relationship — this requires the correlative avyaya pair यदा…तदा.
Step 2: “Teacher comes” = अध्यापकः आगच्छति; “students stand up” = छात्राः उत्तिष्ठन्ति.
Answer: यदा अध्यापकः आगच्छति, तदा छात्राः उत्तिष्ठन्ति।
Extra Example 2 — Error Correction
Hard
Correct the error: “सः विना पुस्तकेन पठति।” (He reads without a book.)
Step 1: The avyaya विना can be used with the second (द्वितीया), third (तृतीया), or fifth (पञ्चमी) vibhakti. The most standard usage in NCERT Class 10 is with द्वितीया or पञ्चमी.
Step 2: “पुस्तकेन” is tṛtīyā (third case). While some grammarians accept this, the NCERT standard for Class 10 prefers द्वितीया with विना.
Corrected sentence: सः पुस्तकं विना पठति। (using द्वितीया — पुस्तकम्)
Extra Example 3 — Multiple Avyaya in One Sentence
Hard
Use अपि, एव, and सह in a single meaningful Sanskrit sentence.
Step 1: Plan the sentence — “Even he himself came with his friend.”
Step 2: सः + एव (himself/indeed) + मित्रेण + सह (with friend) + आगतः + अपि (also).
Answer: सः एव मित्रेण सह अपि आगतः। (He himself also came with his friend.)
Important Questions for CBSE Board Exam — Avyayaani (Sanskrit Class 10)
1-Mark Questions (परिभाषा / पहचान)
Q1. अव्यय शब्द किसे कहते हैं? (What is an avyaya word?)
Ans: जिन शब्दों के रूप में लिंग, वचन और विभक्ति के कारण कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता, उन्हें अव्यय कहते हैं। (Words that do not change due to gender, number, or case are called avyaya.)
Q2. ‘एव’ का अर्थ लिखिए।
Ans: एव = ही / केवल (only, indeed)
Q3. ‘यदा-तदा’ किस प्रकार का अव्यय है?
Ans: यदा-तदा कालवाचक सहसम्बन्धी अव्यय (correlative adverbs of time) हैं — यदा = जब, तदा = तब।
3-Mark Questions (वाक्य-प्रयोग / रिक्त स्थान)
Q4. निम्नलिखित पाँच अव्यय शब्दों के अर्थ लिखकर वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए: अत्र, पुनः, सह, मा, हि।
Ans:
- अत्र (यहाँ) — अत्र उपविश। (Sit here.)
- पुनः (फिर) — सः पुनः आगमिष्यति। (He will come again.)
- सह (साथ) — सः भ्रात्रा सह गच्छति। (He goes with his brother.)
- मा (मत) — मा रोदिहि। (Do not cry.)
- हि (क्योंकि/निश्चय) — सत्यम् एव जयते हि। (Truth alone wins indeed.)
Q5. उचित अव्यय शब्दों से रिक्त स्थान भरिए: (क) _______ परिश्रमः, _______ सफलता। (ख) जलं _______ जीवनं नास्ति। (ग) सः मित्रेण _______ आगतः।
Ans: (क) यदा…तदा (ख) विना (ग) सह
5-Mark Questions (दीर्घ उत्तर)
Q6. अव्यय शब्दों के प्रकार बताइए और प्रत्येक के दो-दो उदाहरण दीजिए।
Ans: अव्यय शब्दों के मुख्य प्रकार निम्नलिखित हैं:
- कालवाचक (Time): यदा, तदा, कदा, सदा, अधुना — ये समय बताते हैं।
- स्थानवाचक (Place): अत्र, तत्र, यत्र, कुत्र, सर्वत्र — ये स्थान बताते हैं।
- समुच्चयबोधक (Conjunctions): च, वा, तु, किन्तु — ये शब्दों/वाक्यों को जोड़ते हैं।
- निपात (Emphatic Particles): एव, अपि, हि — ये बल या जोड़ देते हैं।
- सम्बन्धबोधक (Postpositions): सह, विना, अनु — ये संज्ञा के साथ सम्बन्ध बताते हैं।
अव्यय शब्दों की विशेषता यह है कि इनका रूप कभी नहीं बदलता — ये लिंग, वचन और विभक्ति से अप्रभावित रहते हैं।
Common Mistakes Students Make in Avyayaani
Mistake 1: Using विना with तृतीया विभक्ति when द्वितीया is expected.
Why it’s wrong: NCERT Class 10 standard usage of विना prefers द्वितीया (accusative) case with the noun it governs.
Correct approach: Write “जलं विना” (not “जलेन विना”) in standard NCERT-pattern answers.
Mistake 2: Treating अपि as a verb modifier only.
Why it’s wrong: अपि can modify nouns, pronouns, and verbs. “रामः अपि” means “Ram also” — here it modifies the subject noun.
Correct approach: Recognise अपि in any position in the sentence — it is always an avyaya regardless of placement.
Mistake 3: Confusing मा (do not) with न (not/no).
Why it’s wrong: मा is specifically used for prohibitions with लोट् लकार (imperative mood). न is used for general negation.
Correct approach: “मा गच्छ” = Don’t go (prohibition). “सः न गच्छति” = He does not go (negation).
Mistake 4: Forgetting that यदा must be paired with तदा.
Why it’s wrong: यदा and तदा are correlative avyaya — they work as a pair (like “when…then”). Using यदा alone without तदा in the answer clause is grammatically incomplete.
Correct approach: Always write “यदा…तदा” as a pair in sentences.
Mistake 5: Changing the form of avyaya words to match noun gender.
Why it’s wrong: By definition, avyaya words NEVER change. Writing “एवा” or “अपिः” is completely wrong.
Correct approach: Write the avyaya in its dictionary form always — एव, अपि, च — regardless of what noun or verb follows.
Exam Tips for 2026-27 — Sanskrit Avyayaani CBSE Board
- Memorise the core list: Learn at least 20 avyaya words with their Hindi meanings. The CBSE 2026-27 marking scheme rewards correct identification — one correct avyaya = full marks for that blank.
- Focus on pairs: Learn correlative pairs — यदा-तदा, यत्र-तत्र, यथा-तथा. These pairs are frequently tested in fill-in-the-blank questions in board papers.
- Understand विभक्ति rules for postpositions: सह takes तृतीया, विना takes द्वितीया or पञ्चमी, अलम् takes तृतीया. These rules carry marks in sentence correction questions.
- Do not over-explain: In identification questions, just write the avyaya word and its meaning. The CBSE 2026-27 marking scheme does not award extra marks for lengthy explanations in 1-mark questions.
- Practice writing sentences: For 3-mark and 5-mark questions, practice writing 5–6 different Sanskrit sentences using avyaya words. The examiner checks correct placement and meaning.
- Revise the grammar section holistically: Avyayaani is one part of the Sanskrit grammar section. Connect it with your sandhi, samasa, and pratyaya revision for a strong grammar score in 2026-27 boards.
Key Points to Remember — Avyayaani (अव्ययानि)
- Avyaya (अव्यय) = indeclinable word — never changes its form in any context.
- No linga (gender), no vacana (number), no vibhakti (case) affects an avyaya word.
- The most important avyaya pairs: यदा-तदा, यत्र-तत्र, यथा-तथा, यावत्-तावत्.
- Nipata avyaya (एव, अपि, हि, तु) are used to add emphasis, contrast, or reason in sentences.
- The avyaya अलम् + तृतीया विभक्ति means “enough of” or “stop doing” — a unique and frequently tested usage.
- The avyaya मा is used only with the imperative mood (लोट् लकार) for prohibition.
- This chapter is part of the ncert solutions class 10 sanskrit grammar book avyayaani syllabus and is actively tested in CBSE 2026-27 board exams.
For more grammar topics and full subject solutions, visit our NCERT Solutions for Class 10 hub. You can also explore the complete range of NCERT Solutions for all classes on our main page.
Frequently Asked Questions — Avyayaani Sanskrit Class 10
What are avyaya words in Sanskrit Class 10?
Avyaya (अव्यय) words in Sanskrit are indeclinable words — their form never changes regardless of gender, number, or case. Examples include अपि, च, एव, तु, यदा, तदा, अत्र, तत्र, and कदा. These words are a key part of the ncert solutions class 10 sanskrit grammar book avyayaani chapter and are tested regularly in CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit board exams.
How do you identify avyaya in Sanskrit sentences?
An avyaya word does not take any vibhakti (case ending) and remains unchanged in all contexts. If a word looks the same regardless of the noun or verb it is used with, it is an avyaya. Common avyaya words include अपि, च, एव, तु, सह, विना, and अधुना. Practice identifying them by checking whether the word changes form when the sentence subject changes — if it does not change, it is an avyaya.
How many marks does the Avyayaani chapter carry in CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit 2026-27?
In the CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit board exam 2026-27, the grammar section (व्याकरण) typically carries around 15–16 marks. Avyayaani questions usually appear as fill-in-the-blank or sentence-based identification questions worth 2–3 marks. Check the latest CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit sample paper on cbseacademic.nic.in for the exact 2026-27 marking scheme.
What is the difference between avyaya and vibhakti in Sanskrit?
Vibhakti (विभक्ति) refers to case endings added to nouns and pronouns to show their grammatical role in a sentence — for example, रामः (subject), रामम् (object), रामेण (by Ram). Avyaya (अव्यय) words, on the other hand, never take vibhakti endings — they are fixed in form. This is the key grammatical distinction tested in Class 10 Sanskrit exams, and understanding it helps you score in both avyaya and subanta (noun declension) questions.
What is the use of अलम् in Sanskrit and which vibhakti does it take?
The avyaya अलम् means “enough” or “stop” in Sanskrit. It is always used with the तृतीया विभक्ति (instrumental case) of the noun it governs. For example: अलम् रोदनेन (Stop crying / Enough of crying). This is a frequently tested point in CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit grammar questions, and getting the vibhakti right is essential for full marks.